Poland uses a centralized clearance-style approach through KSeF (the national e-invoicing platform). Invoices are submitted to KSeF, validated, and then made available to recipients—making the platform the key point of compliance.

France is rolling out one of Europe’s most comprehensive e-invoicing frameworks, combining structured invoice exchange with e-reporting obligations. The French model is based on a platform ecosystem, where public and private components work together to ensure compliance and interoperability. In this deep dive, we explain how e-invoicing works in France, which formats and networks are used, and how the implementation is being rolled out over time.

Belgium is one of the European countries moving decisively toward fully digital invoice exchange. Its approach is strongly aligned with European standards and relies on interoperable networks rather than a centralized national platform. In this deep dive, we explain how e-invoicing works in Belgium, which formats and networks are used, and how the Belgian implementation is being rolled out over time.

Switzerland is not part of the EU, but it has long-standing structured e-invoicing requirements in the public sector. The Swiss model is B2G-focused and does not rely on an EU-style clearance platform.

Austria has a long-standing focus on structured e-invoicing in the public sector, using a combination of national infrastructure and European networks.

The Netherlands follows a pragmatic, standards-driven approach to e-invoicing, strongly aligned with European interoperability and the Peppol network.